血型检定

定义

血型检定 is a method to tell what type of blood you have. 血型检定 is done so you can safely donate your blood or receive a blood transfusion. It is also done to see if you have a substance called Rh factor on the surface of your red blood cells.

Your blood type is based on whether or not certain proteins are on your red blood cells. 这些蛋白质被称为抗原. Your blood type (or blood group) depends on what types your parents passed down to you.

Blood is often grouped according to the ABO blood typing system. 四种主要的血型是:

• 输入一个
• B型
• AB型
• O型

选择的名字

Cross matching; Rh typing; ABO blood typing; ABO blood type; A blood type; AB blood type; O blood type; Transfusion - blood typing

如何执行测试

A 血液样本 是必要的. The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your 血液样本 is mixed with antibodies against type A 和 B blood. Then, the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together. If blood cells stick together, it means the blood reacted with one of the antibodies.

第二步称为回输入. The liquid part of your blood without cells (serum) is mixed with blood that is known to be type A 和 type B. People with type A blood have anti-B antibodies. People with type B blood have anti-A antibodies. O型血 contains both types of antibodies.

The 2 steps above can accurately determine your blood type.

Rh typing uses a method similar to ABO typing. When blood typing is done to see if you have Rh factor on the surface of your red blood cells, 结果会是这样的:

• Rh+ (positive), if you have this cell surface protein
• Rh- (negative), if you do not have this cell surface protein

如何准备考试

No special preparation is necessary for this test.

考试的感觉如何

When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. 其他人只感到刺痛或刺痛. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or slight bruising. 这很快就会消失.

为什么要进行测试

血型检定 is done so you can safely receive a blood transfusion or a transplant. Your blood type must closely match the blood type of the blood you are receiving. 如果血型不匹配:

• Your immune system will see the donated red blood cells as foreign.
• Antibodies will develop against the donated red blood cells 和 attack these blood cells.

The two ways that your blood 和 the donated blood may not match are:

• A mismatch between blood types A, B, AB, 和 O. 这是最常见的不匹配形式. In most cases, the immune response is very severe.
• Rh因子可能不匹配.

血型检定 is very important during pregnancy. 仔细的测试可以防止 新生儿严重贫血 和 黄疸.

正常的结果

You will be told which ABO blood type you have. 它将是以下其中之一:

• A型血
• B型血
• AB型血
• O型血

You will also be told whether you have Rh-positive blood or Rh-negative blood.

根据你的结果, your health care providers can determine which type of blood you can safely receive:

• If you have type A blood, you can only receive types A 和 O blood.
• If you have type B blood, you can only receive types B 和 O blood.
• If you have type AB blood, you can receive types A, B, AB, 和 O blood.
• If you have type O blood, you can only receive type O blood.
• If you are Rh+, you can receive Rh+ or Rh- blood.
• If you are Rh-, you can only receive Rh- blood.

O型血 can be given to anyone with any blood type. That is why people with type O blood are called universal blood donors.

风险

There is little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins 和 arteries vary in size from one person to another, 从身体的一边到另一边. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.

Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include:

• 昏厥或感到头晕
• 多次穿刺定位静脉
• 大出血
• 血肿 (皮肤下淤血)
• Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)

注意事项

There are many antigens besides the major ones (A, B, 和 Rh). Many minor ones are not routinely detected during blood typing. 如果它们未被检测到, you may still have a reaction when receiving certain types of blood, 即使A, B, 和Rh抗原匹配.

A process called cross-matching followed by a 库姆斯测试 能帮助检测这些次要抗原吗. It is done before transfusions, except in emergency situations.

参考文献

Arinsburg SA. Pretransfusion测试. 进:Shaz BH, Hillyer CD, Gil MR，编辑. 输血医学和止血. 3日艾德. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 21.

西格尔GV，华盛顿州. 血液制品和血库. 见:福勒GC编. Pfenninger 和 Fowler's Procedures for 初级护理. 第四版. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 234.

Shaz BH, Hilyer CD. 输血医学. 参见:Goldman L, Schafer AI主编. Goldman-Cecil医学. 26日艾德. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 167.

韦斯特霍夫CM，斯托里JR，沙兹BH. 人类血型抗原和抗体. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. 血液学:基本原理与实践. 7日艾德. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 110.