毒理学屏幕

定义

A toxicology screen refers to various tests that determine the type and approximate amount of legal and illegal drugs a person has taken by measuring how much is in their blood, 尿液, 或者其他体液.

选择的名字

Barbiturates - screen; 苯二氮平类药物 - screen; 安非他明 - screen; Analgesics - screen; 抗抑郁药 - screen; 毒品 - screen; Phenothiazines - screen; Drug abuse screen; Blood alcohol test

如何执行测试

毒理学屏幕ing is most often done using a blood or 尿液 sample. 然而, it may be done soon after the person swallowed the medicine, 利用胃内容物 洗胃 (胃痉挛)或呕吐后.

如何准备考试

不需要特别准备. 如果你有能力, tell your health care provider what drugs (including prescription and over-the-counter medicines) you have taken, including when you took them and how much you consumed.

This test is sometimes part of an investigation for drug use or abuse. Special consents, handling and labeling of specimens, or other procedures may be required.

考试的感觉如何

血液测试:

When the needle is inserted to draw blood, 有些人感到中度疼痛, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.

尿液测试:

A 尿液 test involves normal urination. 没有不适.

为什么要进行测试

This test is often done in emergency medical situations. It can be used to evaluate possible accidental or intentional overdose or poisoning. 这可能有助于确定的原因 急性 药物毒性, 监测药物依赖, and determine the presence of substances in the body for medical or legal purposes.

Additional reasons the test may be performed include:

• 酒精使用障碍
• 酒精戒断状态
• 精神状态改变
• 止痛剂肾病 (肾中毒)
• Complicated alcohol abstinence syndrome (delirium tremens)
• 精神错乱
• 痴呆
• 药物滥用监测
• 胎儿酒精综合症
• 故意过量
• 癫痫发作
• 吸食可卡因引起的中风
• 涉嫌性侵犯
• 无意识

如果测试被用作药物筛选, it must be done within a certain amount of time after the drug was taken, or while forms of the drug can still be detected in the body. 例子如下:

• 酒精:3到10小时
• 安非他命:24到48小时
• 巴比妥类药物:最多6周
• 苯二氮平类药物: up to 6 weeks with high level use
• 可卡因: 2 to 4 days; up to 10 to 22 days with heavy use
• 可待因:1 - 2天
• 海洛因:1 - 2天
• 氢吗啡酮:1 ~ 2天
• 美沙酮:2 - 3天
• 吗啡:1 ~ 2天
• 苯环利定(PCP): 1 ~ 8天
• 丙氧苯:6至48小时
• Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): up to 6 to 11 weeks with heavy use

正常的结果

Normal value ranges for over-the-counter or prescription medicines may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results.

A negative value most often means that alcohol, prescription medicines that have not been prescribed, and illegal drugs have not been detected.

A blood toxicology screen can determine the presence and level (amount) of a drug in your body.

Urine sample results are often reported as positive (substance is found) or negative (no substance is found).

异常结果意味着什么

Elevated levels of alcohol or prescription drugs can be a sign of intentional or accidental intoxication or overdose.

The presence of illegal drugs or drugs not prescribed for the person indicates 使用非法药物.

Some legal prescription and over-the-counter medicines may interact with the testing chemicals and false results in 尿液 tests. Your provider will be aware of this possibility.

风险

风险 associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:

• 大出血
• 昏厥或感到头晕
• Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
• Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)

注意事项

Substances that may be detected on a toxicology screen include:

• Alcohol (ethanol) -- "drinking" alcohol
• 安非他明
• 抗抑郁药
• 巴比妥酸盐和 安眠药
• 苯二氮平类药物
• 可卡因
• Flunitrazepam(药)
• -羟基丁酸(GHB)
• 大麻
• 毒品
• Non-narcotic pain medicines, including acetaminophen and anti-inflammatory drugs
• 苯环己哌啶(PCP)
• Phenothiazines (antipsychotic or tranquilizing medicines)
• 任何类型的处方药

参考文献

Bluth MH, Pincus MR, Abraham NZ. Toxicology and therapeutic drug monitoring. 见:McPherson RA, Pincus MR，编辑. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 24日艾德. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 24.

Langman LJ, Bechtel LK, Holstege CP. 临床毒理学. In: Rifai N, Chiu RWK, Young I, Burnham Carey-Ann D, Wittwer CT, eds . Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine. 7日艾德. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2023:chap 43.

Minns AB, Clark RF. 药物滥用. In: Walls RM，编辑. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10日艾德. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 187.

Mofenson HC, Caraccio TR, McGuigan M, Greensher J. 医学毒理学. In: Kellerman RD, Rakel DP, Heidelbaugh JJ, Lee EM, eds. 康恩目前的治疗2023. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:1404-1457.